Biomarkers Tested

25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) is the primary circulating form of vitamin D and the most reliable biomarker for assessing vitamin D status. It reflects the combined contribution from dietary intake, supplements, and skin synthesis through sun exposure. This marker is important for monitoring calcium metabolism, bone health, and immune function. Low levels are linked to reduced bone mineralization and increased risk of bone-related conditions, and in observational studies have been associated with several non-skeletal outcomes, including cardiometabolic health and certain cancers. Adequate levels support normal skeletal maintenance, immune regulation, and broader metabolic processes.

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA) is the main breakdown product of serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in mood, sleep, appetite, gut motility and other body functions. Measuring 5-HIAA in urine can give insight into serotonin turnover, meaning how serotonin is being produced, used and metabolised. Higher or lower levels may reflect changes in serotonin metabolism, but should not be interpreted as a direct measure of brain serotonin. 5-HIAA is best understood together with serotonin, tryptophan and the wider neurotransmitter profile.

Abalone intolerance is a condition that reflects difficulty digesting abalone, a type of shellfish. Unlike an abalone allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause severe reactions, intolerance primarily leads to digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal symptoms after eating abalone.

Adipate, also known as adipic acid, is a compound involved in lipid metabolism and serves as a biomarker for metabolic dysfunctions, especially those related to fatty acid oxidation. Its presence, often detected in urine or blood tests, can aid in diagnosing and monitoring metabolic conditions.

Akkermansia muciniphila is a gut bacterium that supports the maintenance of the intestinal mucosa and a healthy gut lining. It is associated with beneficial metabolic and immune effects and may play an important role in gut health, weight regulation, and overall well-being.

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme found mainly in liver cells. When liver cells are stressed or damaged, ALT can leak into the bloodstream, which is why it’s commonly used as a marker of liver health. Elevated ALT levels may indicate liver inflammation or injury and are seen in a range of conditions affecting the liver. ALT is typically interpreted together with other liver-related markers to provide a clearer picture of liver function and potential causes of elevation.

Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood plasma and is produced by the liver. It helps maintain oncotic (osmotic) pressure, keeping fluid within the bloodstream, and it also transports many substances such as hormones, fatty acids, and certain medications. Measuring albumin can provide useful information about liver synthetic function and overall protein status. Abnormal levels may be seen in several conditions, including inflammation, fluid imbalance, and kidney-related protein loss.

Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is a key compound in the Krebs cycle, an essential metabolic pathway for energy production in cells. It plays a crucial role in converting nutrients into energy, amino acid metabolism, and nitrogen transport. Additionally, Alpha-ketoglutarate is involved in various cellular processes, including signaling and regulation....

Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is produced by granulosa cells in ovarian follicles in women and by Sertoli cells in the testes in men. In women, AMH is commonly used as a marker of ovarian reserve because levels generally reflect the pool of developing follicles and tend to correlate with the number of remaining eggs. AMH is often used in fertility assessments to help estimate reproductive potential and to support planning for assisted reproductive treatments by predicting how the ovaries may respond to stimulation.

Amylase is an enzyme produced mainly by the pancreas and salivary glands that helps break down carbohydrates into smaller sugars during digestion. Measuring amylase in blood or urine can provide information about pancreatic and salivary gland activity. Elevated levels may be seen when these tissues are inflamed or injured—most notably in pancreatic conditions—while results are typically interpreted alongside symptoms and other markers for clearer clinical context.

Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is a hormone produced by the ovaries that indicates a woman’s ovarian reserve, reflecting the number of eggs remaining. It is commonly used to assess fertility potential and is an important marker in reproductive medicine.

ApoA1 is the main protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), often called “good” cholesterol. It supports reverse cholesterol transport by helping move excess cholesterol from tissues and blood vessel walls back to the liver for processing and excretion. ApoA1 is therefore considered a marker of HDL particle content and function, and higher levels are generally associated with a more favorable cardiovascular risk profile. ApoA1 is often interpreted together with ApoB and other lipid markers to provide a broader picture of lipoprotein-related risk.

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is the main structural protein found on atherogenic (“bad” cholesterol–carrying) lipoproteins, including LDL, VLDL, IDL, and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. Each of these particles typically contains one ApoB molecule, which makes ApoB a practical measure of the total number of atherogenic particles in the bloodstream. Elevated ApoB levels indicate a higher concentration of particles that can enter the arterial wall and contribute to plaque formation, and are therefore strongly associated with increased cardiovascular risk. ApoB is often interpreted alongside markers such as LDL-C, non-HDL cholesterol, and ApoA1 for a fuller lipid risk profile.

The ApoB/ApoA1 ratio compares apolipoprotein B (ApoB) to apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1). It provides an estimate of the balance between atherogenic lipoprotein particles (ApoB-containing) and protective HDL-related particles (ApoA1-containing). A higher ratio indicates a greater proportion of atherogenic particles relative to protective ones and is associated with higher cardiovascular risk. In many studies, this ratio has shown strong predictive value and can complement traditional lipid markers when assessing cardiometabolic risk.

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found in several tissues, including the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys, and red blood cells. It is involved in amino acid metabolism and can be released into the bloodstream when cells in these tissues are stressed or damaged. Elevated AST may indicate liver injury, but because AST is not liver-specific, increased levels can also be seen with muscle damage, hemolysis, or other conditions. AST is often interpreted together with ALT and other markers to help clarify the likely source.

Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body that reflects the body’s shift to using fat as a primary fuel source. Produced by the liver from fatty acids during fasting, carbohydrate restriction, or intense exercise, BHB provides an alternative energy supply — particularly for the brain — when glucose is limited. It is a key marker of ketosis, a metabolic state associated with fat metabolism.

Bilirubin is a yellow pigment formed when red blood cells are broken down. It is transported to the liver, where it is processed (conjugated) and then excreted through bile. Measuring bilirubin helps assess how well the liver and bile flow pathways are functioning. Elevated levels may be seen with liver or bile duct problems (such as impaired bile flow) or with increased breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis).

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. Urea is a waste product formed in the liver when protein is broken down, and it is normally filtered by the kidneys and excreted in urine. BUN is commonly used as part of an assessment of kidney function and hydration status. Elevated BUN levels may be seen with reduced kidney filtration, dehydration, higher protein intake, or increased protein breakdown, and results are often interpreted together with creatinine and other kidney markers.

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) is a waste product filtered from the blood by the kidneys. It's important because BUN levels indicate how well your kidneys are functioning and can reflect hydration status, protein intake, and other health issues. Elevated BUN can suggest impaired kidney function, dehydration, or increased protein catabolism, while low levels are less common but can indicate severe liver disease or malnutrition.

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) DNA refers to genetic material from Chlamydia trachomatis, a bacterium that can cause the sexually transmitted infection chlamydia. This test uses real-time PCR to detect CT DNA targets (the cryptic plasmid and the ompA gene). Detection of CT DNA indicates the presence of C. trachomatis genetic material in the sample and supports the identification of a chlamydia infection, which can be asymptomatic but may lead to complications if not addressed.

The CHOL/HDL ratio is calculated by dividing total cholesterol (CHOL) by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. It helps describe the balance between cholesterol carried in potentially atherogenic lipoproteins and the protective HDL fraction. A higher ratio generally reflects a less favorable lipid profile and is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, while a lower ratio is typically considered more favorable. This ratio is often used alongside other lipid markers—such as LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, ApoB, and ApoA1—for a more complete cardiovascular risk assessment.

Cis-aconitate is an intermediate in the Krebs cycle, a central metabolic pathway involved in cellular energy production. It is formed during the conversion of citrate to isocitrate, a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme aconitase. The Krebs cycle plays a vital role in oxidizing nutrients to produce ATP, the main energy source for cells, and also supplies key building blocks for the synthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids.

Citramalate, also known as citramalic acid, is a compound that can be measured as a urinary marker to assess metabolic health. It is produced as a metabolic byproduct and may indicate bacterial imbalance or overgrowth in the gut. Elevated levels can also reflect potential disruptions in normal metabolic processes.

Citrate is a compound that plays a key role in the citric acid cycle, essential for energy production in aerobic organisms. It helps break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce ATP (energy). Citrate also supports the regulation of the body’s acid-base balance and contributes to kidney stone prevention by binding with calcium.

Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, known as the body's primary stress hormone. It plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, immune response, and blood pressure, making its levels important for assessing stress response and adrenal function.

Creatinine is a waste product formed in muscles from the normal breakdown of creatine. It is released into the bloodstream and filtered by the kidneys, then excreted in urine. Because creatinine levels are influenced by how efficiently the kidneys filter blood, it is commonly used to assess kidney function. Elevated creatinine may indicate reduced kidney filtration or kidney disease, while low levels are less common and can be associated with lower muscle mass. Creatinine is also used—often together with age and sex—to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a key measure of overall kidney filtering capacity.

D-arabinitol is a sugar alcohol used as a biomarker in the body to help detect Candida infections. Elevated levels of D-arabinitol often indicate an overgrowth of Candida, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Measuring D-arabinitol provides a faster and less invasive way to diagnose systemic candidiasis compared to traditional culture methods.

DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands and acts as a precursor to sex hormones. Measuring DHEA in saliva reflects the body’s active hormone levels, providing insight into immediate DHEA production. This measurement is useful for assessing adrenal health, aging, and the risk of chronic conditions.

DHEA-S is a hormone produced mainly by the adrenal glands and serves as a precursor to sex hormones, including androgens and estrogens. Compared with DHEA, DHEA-S is more stable in the bloodstream and is therefore commonly measured to evaluate adrenal androgen production. Levels typically peak in early adulthood and gradually decline with age. Elevated DHEA-S may be seen in conditions associated with increased adrenal androgen activity, such as certain adrenal disorders and, in some cases, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Low levels can be associated with reduced adrenal function, and results are interpreted alongside symptoms and other hormone markers.

eAG, or estimated average glucose, is a calculated value based on the HbA1c result that translates HbA1c into an estimated average blood glucose level over roughly the past 2–3 months. It helps present long-term glucose control in the same type of units used for day-to-day glucose measurements, which can make results easier to understand and compare with home glucose readings. eAG is an estimate, and the relationship between HbA1c and average glucose can vary between individuals and in certain conditions that affect red blood cells.

eGFR is an estimate of how well the kidneys are filtering waste products from the blood. It is calculated using a formula based on blood creatinine together with factors such as age and sex (and sometimes additional variables depending on the equation used). A higher eGFR generally indicates better kidney filtering capacity, while a persistently low eGFR can suggest reduced kidney function or chronic kidney disease. eGFR is an estimate and is typically interpreted alongside other kidney markers (such as urine albumin/protein and creatinine trends) and clinical context.

Estradiol is the most biologically active form of estrogen in the body. It plays a central role in reproductive health, regulating the menstrual cycle, ovulation, and fertility. Estradiol also affects bone density, cardiovascular health, brain function, and metabolism. Levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle and across different life stages such as puberty, pregnancy, and menopause. Measuring estradiol helps evaluate hormonal balance and provides insight into overall estrogen activity and endocrine function.

Ethyl malonate (EM) is a compound that acts as a biomarker for certain metabolic diseases. Elevated levels of ethyl malonate in the body may indicate hereditary metabolic conditions, such as ethylmalonic encephalopathy, or disorders of fatty acid metabolism.

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii) is a key beneficial bacterium in the human gut, known for its anti-inflammatory effects. It plays an important role in maintaining gut health by supporting a balanced microbiome and strengthening the intestinal barrier.

Fasting insulin measures the level of insulin in the blood after an overnight fast. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps move glucose from the bloodstream into cells, where it can be used for energy or stored. Elevated fasting insulin can be an early sign of insulin resistance, where the body needs more insulin to keep blood glucose in a normal range. Fasting insulin is often interpreted together with fasting glucose and markers such as HbA1c (and sometimes HOMA-IR) to better assess metabolic and cardiometabolic risk.

Folate (vitamin B9) is a water-soluble vitamin essential for DNA synthesis, cell division, and normal red blood cell formation. It is especially important during pregnancy because adequate folate status supports early fetal development and helps reduce the risk of neural tube defects. Folate also participates in methylation pathways and homocysteine metabolism, where low folate can contribute to elevated homocysteine levels. Deficiency may lead to megaloblastic anemia and symptoms such as fatigue, and folate is commonly measured to assess nutritional status and identify deficiency.

The Free Androgen Index (FAI) is a calculated value used to estimate the amount of biologically available (free) testosterone. It is typically derived from total testosterone and sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), helping provide context for androgen activity beyond total testosterone alone. FAI is commonly used in the evaluation of androgen-related conditions, particularly in women (for example, suspected androgen excess such as PCOS or hirsutism). It can also support assessment of androgen status in men, although results should be interpreted alongside symptoms and other hormone markers.

Free triiodothyronine (fT3) is the unbound, biologically active form of the thyroid hormone T3. T3 plays a central role in regulating metabolic rate, energy production, temperature regulation, and many aspects of growth and tissue function. Measuring fT3 reflects the portion of T3 that is available to tissues, independent of variations in thyroid-binding proteins. fT3 is typically interpreted together with TSH and free T4 (fT4) to provide a more complete view of thyroid function and thyroid hormone conversion.

Free thyroxine (fT4) is the unbound fraction of the thyroid hormone T4 circulating in the blood. Because only the free hormone can enter cells, fT4 reflects the amount of thyroid hormone available to tissues and is a key marker of thyroid function. fT4 is commonly measured to help evaluate and monitor thyroid disorders—levels may be elevated in hyperthyroidism and reduced in hypothyroidism. It is typically interpreted together with TSH (and sometimes fT3) for a clearer picture of thyroid regulation.

Free Thyroxine (fT4) is the unbound, active form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine in the bloodstream. It's crucial for assessing thyroid function because it directly reflects the amount of hormone available to regulate metabolism, growth, and energy levels. Measuring fT4 helps diagnose and monitor conditions like hyperthyroidism (too much) or hypothyroidism (too little) thyroid hormone.

Free Triiodothyronine (fT3) is the unbound, active form of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3). It is crucial for regulating metabolism, energy levels, body temperature, and heart function. Measuring fT3 provides a direct assessment of the biologically active thyroid hormone available to tissues, reflecting current thyroid function more accurately than total T3 in many cases.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by the pituitary gland and plays an important role in reproductive function in both women and men. In women, FSH helps stimulate the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles and varies across the menstrual cycle. In men, FSH supports sperm production through its action on Sertoli cells in the testes. Measuring FSH can help assess fertility and ovarian function, and it is commonly used in the evaluation of menopausal transition or ovarian insufficiency. FSH is usually interpreted together with other reproductive hormones (such as LH, estradiol, AMH, and testosterone) and cycle timing when relevant.

Glucose is the body’s primary source of energy and is especially important for brain and muscle function. Blood glucose is tightly regulated by insulin and other hormones to keep levels within a healthy range. Measuring glucose is central to evaluating metabolic health and is used in the assessment of diabetes, insulin resistance, and hypoglycemia. Persistently elevated glucose may indicate impaired glucose regulation, while low glucose can cause symptoms such as shakiness, weakness, and confusion. Glucose results are often interpreted together with markers like HbA1c and fasting insulin for a clearer picture of long-term glucose control.

HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c) measures the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months by assessing the percentage of hemoglobin in red blood cells that is coated with sugar. It's a crucial indicator for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes, as persistently high levels denote poor long-term glucose control, increasing the risk of diabetes-related complications. This test provides a more stable and comprehensive view of glucose management compared to a single blood sugar reading.

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) is a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. It plays a key role in supporting the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone to maintain the uterine lining for the developing embryo. hCG also helps prevent the degeneration of the corpus luteum, ensuring continued progesterone production.

HDL cholesterol, often referred to as "good" cholesterol, is a type of lipoprotein that carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver, where it is broken down and removed from the body. Higher levels of HDL are generally associated with a lower risk of heart disease and stroke, as it helps prevent the buildup of cholesterol in the arteries. Measuring HDL levels is important for assessing cardiovascular health.

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) is a protein found on the surface of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Its presence in the blood indicates an active Hepatitis B infection, meaning the virus is currently replicating in the body. Detecting HBsAg is crucial for diagnosing acute or chronic Hepatitis B and for identifying individuals who can transmit the virus to others.

The Hepatitis C Antibody (Anti-HCV) is a blood test that detects antibodies produced by the immune system in response to a Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The presence of these antibodies indicates past or current exposure to HCV. This test is crucial for screening and diagnosing Hepatitis C, a viral infection that can lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) IgG antibodies are proteins produced by your immune system in response to an HSV-1 infection. Their presence indicates a past exposure to the virus, as IgG antibodies typically develop weeks after initial infection and persist for life. Detecting these antibodies helps distinguish between current (acute) and past infections, informing diagnosis and management.

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) IgG antibodies are proteins produced by your immune system in response to an HSV-2 infection. The presence of these antibodies indicates past or current exposure to HSV-2, which is the primary cause of genital herpes. Detecting these antibodies helps diagnose an HSV-2 infection, even if no active symptoms are present.